A mediating role of self-care difficulty in the association between caregiver strain and the impact of caregiving on health: A cross-sectional secondary analysis.

Caregivers of people living with dementia face strain, reduced self-care, and poorer health status. However, research examining the links among those outcomes is limited. We explored the association between caregiver strain and the impact of caregiving on health status and identified the mediating role of self-care difficulty in this association. In the national caregiving dataset "Caregiving in the U.S. 2020," we included 312 caregivers in this study. Demographics, caregiving characteristics, a composite scale for caregiver strain, and single-item questions for the impact of caregiving on health status and self-care difficulty were used. Descriptive statistics and mediation analysis were conducted. Results revealed that higher caregiver strain was associated with higher self-care difficulty (OR 2.054, p < .001) and negative health changes due to caregiving (OR 2.719, p < .001). Self-care difficulty partially mediated this association. These results indicated the need to explore interventions or resources to offer caregivers to encourage their self-care awareness and activities.

More than Just a Number: Perspectives from Black Male Participants on Community-Based Interventions and Clinical Trials to Address Cardiovascular Health Disparities.

BACKGROUND: Black Americans remain significantly underrepresented and understudied in research. Community-based interventions have been increasingly recognized as an effective model for reckoning with clinical trial participation challenges amongst underrepresented groups, yet a paucity of studies implement this approach. The present study sought to gain insight into Black male participants' perception of clinical trials before and after participating in a community-based team lifestyle intervention in the United States. METHODS: Black Impact, a 24-week community-based lifestyle intervention, applied the American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 (LS7) framework to assess changes in the cardiovascular health of seventy-four Black male participants partaking in weekly team-based physical activities and LS7-themed education and having their social needs addressed. A subset of twenty participants completed an exit survey via one of three semi-structured focus groups aimed at understanding the feasibility of interventions, including their perceptions of participating in clinical trials. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a content analysis, which involved systematically identifying, coding, categorizing, and interpreting the primary patterns of the data. RESULTS: The participants reported a positive change in their perceptions of clinical trials based on their experience with a community-based lifestyle intervention. Three prominent themes regarding their perceptions of clinical trials prior to the intervention were as follows: (1) History of medical abuse; (2) Lack of diversity amongst research teams and participants; and (3) A positive experience with racially concordant research teams. Three themes noted to influence changes in their perception of clinical trials based on their participation in Black Impact were as follows: (1) Building trust with the research team; (2) Increasing awareness about clinical trials; and (3) Motivating participation through community engagement efforts. CONCLUSIONS: Improved perceptions of participating in clinical trials were achieved after participation in a community-based intervention. This intervention may provide a framework by which to facilitate clinical trial participation among Black men, which must be made a priority so that Black men are "more than just a number" and no longer "receiving the short end of the stick".

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Cognition in Breast Cancer Survivors: The Mediating Role of Anxiety.

Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is one of the most prevalent symptoms that breast cancer survivors experience. While cancer treatments are established contributors to CRCI, inter-individual differences in CRCI are not well understood. Individual differences in sensitivity to uncertainty are potential contributors to CRCI; however, no prior studies have attempted to examine this link in the context of breast cancer. To address the gap, we used preliminary findings from an ongoing cross-sectional study. A total of 38 women with stage I-III breast cancer (1-4 years post-treatment) were included in this study. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) was assessed using the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Self-reported cognitive function was assessed with the Neuro-QoL questionnaire. Anxiety was assessed using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement System Bank. From this study, we found that anxiety mediates the association between IU and cognitive function of survivors. In other words, among post-menopausal breast cancer survivors, those with higher IU showed higher anxiety and consequently had lower cognitive function. This finding suggests that assessing IU may help predict the risk of CRCI. This study expands the current knowledge that addresses the importance of IU as a factor associated with cognitive health.

Neural reactivity to threat impacts the association between bullying victimization and suicide risk in youth.

Bullying victimization is a risk factor for suicidal ideation, suicide behaviors, and death by suicide in youth. However, not all victims of bullying report suicidal thoughts and behaviors, suggesting that there may be certain subgroups who are at high risk for suicide. Neuroimaging studies suggest that individual differences in neurobiological threat reactivity may contribute to increased vulnerability to suicide, particularly in the context of repeated exposure to bullying. The purpose of the present study was to examine the unique and interactive effects of past-year bullying victimization and neural reactivity to threat on suicide risk in youth. Ninety-one youth (ages 16-19) completed self-report measures of past-year bullying victimization and current suicide risk. Participants also completed a task designed to probe neural reactivity to threat. Specifically, participants passively viewed negative or neutral images during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Bilateral anterior insula (AIC) and amygdala (AMYG) reactivity to threat/negative images (>neutral images) was used to capture threat sensitivity. Greater bullying victimization was associated with increased suicide risk. There was also a bullying by AIC reactivity interaction such that among individuals with high AIC reactivity, greater bullying was associated with increased suicide risk. Among individuals with low AIC reactivity, there was no association between bullying and suicide risk. Results suggest that youth with increased AIC reactivity to threat may be particularly vulnerable to suicide in the context of bullying. These individuals may represent a high-risk group for subsequent suicide behavior and AIC function may be a promising objective prevention target.

Association Between Cardiovascular Disease and Cognitive Dysfunction in Breast Cancer Survivors.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer survivors (BCSs) may have a greater risk for cardiovascular disease (congestive heart failure and hypertension), which in turn, can affect cognitive dysfunction, a frequent, bothersome, and potentially debilitating symptom. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of cardiovascular disease on cognitive function in BCSs. METHODS: Baseline data from a double-blind randomized controlled trial for cognitive training of BCSs were examined. Early-stage BCS (stages I-IIIA) who were 21 years or older, completed adjuvant therapy (≥6 months), and reported cognitive concerns completed questionnaires and a brief neuropsychological assessment, including tests of memory, attention and working memory, speed of processing, and verbal fluency. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and separate linear regression models for each cognitive domain were conducted. RESULTS: Forty-seven BCSs, who were on average 57.3 (SD, 8.1) years old, were 58% White, and had some college education (75%), completed the study. Furthermore, 44.7% of the BCS had cardiovascular disease (congestive heart failure or hypertension). In linear regression models, cardiovascular disease was significantly related to immediate and delayed memory and attention and working memory ( P < .01-.05). CONCLUSION: Breast cancer survivors who have cardiovascular disease may also be at a greater risk for cognitive dysfunction post treatment. Results from this study inform both clinical practice and future research, specifically by examining the intersection between cancer, cardiovascular disease (cardiotoxicity), and cognition. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Nurses should be aware that BCSs with co-occurring cardiovascular disease are at a higher risk for cognitive dysfunction and work within the multidisciplinary team to optimize BCS health and function.

Social Support, social ties, and cognitive function of women with breast cancer: findings from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Life and Longevity After Cancer (LILAC) Study.

PURPOSE: This study examined associations between self-reported cognitive functioning and social support as well as social ties among women with breast cancer. METHODS: The study included 3351 women from the Women's Health Initiative Life and Longevity After Cancer cohort who were diagnosed with breast cancer stages I-III. Social support was assessed using a modified Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Social Support Survey, and marital status was obtained from the baseline questionnaire. We also assessed social ties (e.g., number of friends, relatives, living children) and cognitive function (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function [FACT-COG]) on the year-1-follow up questionnaire. Multivariable quantile regression was used to estimate the changes in median cognitive scores. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess the association of cognitive function with social ties. RESULTS: The majority of participants were non-Hispanic White (93.3%), presently married (49%), with at least a 4-year college degree (53.2%), and had been diagnosed with localized breast cancer (79%). A 10-point higher social support score correlated to a 0.32 higher (better) median cognitive score (p < 0.001). Women who were presently married tended to have better cognition than women who were divorced/separated or widowed (p = 0.01). Significant associations were also present for having close relatives (p < 0.001) or friends (p < 0.001), with cognitive scores being higher in those with at least one close relative or friend compared to none. CONCLUSION: Women reporting higher social support and greater numbers of friends or relatives have higher cognitive functioning. Compared to divorced or separated women, married women were likely to have higher cognitive functioning. These findings suggest that social support assessments have the potential to help identify women at higher risk of cognitive decline.

The Role of Social Support in Cardiovascular Clinical Trial Participation among Black Men: Black Impact.

BACKGROUND: Attainment of the American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metrics reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; yet, Black Americans have the lowest LS7 attainment among all communities, the highest rate of CVD mortality, and low clinical trial participation. Social support is positively correlated with chronic disease self-management. Here, we describe the role of social support in a single-arm pilot clinical trial of a community-based lifestyle intervention among Black American men. METHODS: The 24-week intervention featured weekly team-based physical activity and LS7-themed education. Seventy-four Black men participated in the intervention; twenty agreed to participate in exit surveys via one of three semi-structured focus groups. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using content analysis framed by House's social support framework. RESULTS: Participants reported support from both peers and health coaches. The sub-themes of social support among peers were: (1) acknowledgement, understanding, and validation, (2) inspiration, (3) sense of community, (4) fear of disappointing fellow participants, and (5) group synergy. The sub-themes of social support from the health coaches and study team staff included: (1) contemplation of current health status, (2) racial concordance of health coaches and study team staff, (3) investment of the research team, (4) incentives, (5) access to healthcare providers, and (6) the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotional support was the most frequently discussed theme. CONCLUSIONS: Social support, especially emotional support, from peers and health coaches was a driver of clinical trial participation among participants. The intervention created a positive social environment and decreased medical mistrust. This intervention may provide a framework by which to facilitate clinical trial participation among Black men.

Social relationships and their associations with affective symptoms of women with breast cancer: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Problems in affective and cognitive functioning are among the most common concurrent symptoms that breast cancer patients report. Social relationships may provide some explanations of the clinical variability in affective-cognitive symptoms. Evidence suggests that social relationships (functional and structural aspects) can be associated with patients' affective-cognitive symptoms; however, such an association has not been well studied in the context of breast cancer. PURPOSE: The purpose of this scoping review was to address the following question: What social relationships are associated with affective-cognitive symptoms of women with breast cancer? METHODS: This scoping review used the framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley and PRISMA-Sc. Studies published by February 2022 were searched using four databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Elsevier), PsycINFO (EBSCOhost), and Web of Science (Clarivate). All retrieved citations were independently screened and eligibility for inclusion was determined by study team members. Extracted data included research aims, design, sample, type and measures of social relationships (functional and structural), and the association between social relationships and affective-cognitive symptoms. RESULTS: A total of 70 studies were included. Affective symptoms were positively associated with social support, family functioning, quality of relationships, social networks, and social integration, whereas the negative association was found with social constraints. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest positive social relationships may mitigate affective symptoms of women with breast cancer. Thus, health care providers need to educate patients about the importance of building solid social relationships and encourage them to participate in a supportive network of friends and family members.

Effect of family cohesion on symptom distress during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

PURPOSE: Family may play an important role in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recovery; however, little is known about the effect of family functioning on an individual's health. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of family cohesion (family functioning) on the trajectory of HSCT recipients' symptom distress (symptom frequency and symptom bother) before, during, and after HSCT. METHODS: Secondary analysis was conducted using data collected from178 individuals who underwent HSCT. Longitudinal parallel process (LPP) modeling was used to examine how family cohesion and HSCT-associated symptoms (symptom frequency and symptom bother) change over time, and how these longitudinal changes relate to each other. RESULTS: The trajectory of family cohesion predicted the trajectories of HSCT-associated symptom frequency and bother. HSCT recipients who experienced higher family cohesion at baseline (T1) showed lower symptom frequency (p < .01) as well as symptom bother (p < .01) at T1. This trajectory analysis also showed that HSCT recipients who had improved family cohesion over time reported decrease in symptom frequency (p < .01) as well as bother (p < .01) over time. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that higher family cohesion predicts decrease in symptom distress over the HSCT trajectory. Interventions aimed at enhancing family cohesion have the potential to lower HSCT recipients' symptom distress. Further research is needed to understand the critical role of family cohesion and family functioning and their relationship with HSCT symptom distress prevention, early detection, and risk stratification.

The Association of Self-esteem With Caregiving Demands, Coping, Burden, and Health Among Caregivers of Breast Cancer Patients: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

BACKGROUND: We investigated how caregiver self-esteem was associated with caregiving demands, coping, burden, and health. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate how caregiver self-esteem is associated with caregiving demands, coping, burden, and health. METHODS: Sixty-one caregivers of breast cancer patients were selected from a study conducted at a cancer clinic in the Southeastern region of the United States. Guided by the revised Stress and Coping Theory, a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data was conducted. We used structural equation modeling to analyze paths between caregiver self-esteem and caregiving demands (ie, hours spent on caregiving), coping, burden, and health. RESULTS: Caregivers who effectively coped with stressful situations through strategies such as positive thinking, seeking social support, and problem solving were more likely to have higher levels of self-esteem; in turn, higher levels of self-esteem decreased caregiver burden and improved caregiver overall health. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of self-esteem among caregivers of breast cancer patients. Additional research is needed to provide more insight into the influence of coping strategies on caregiver self-esteem, as well as the role of caregiver self-esteem on caregivers' and patients' well-being. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: Healthcare providers need to consider caregiver self-esteem and other associated caregiver characteristics to identify caregivers at risk of higher perceived levels of burden and poor overall health.

Caregiver Characteristics Associated With Cognitive Complaints in Women With Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To explore whether caregiver characteristics were associated with cognitive complaints reported by women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. SAMPLE & SETTING: 61 dyads of women with breast cancer and their caregivers were recruited at Duke Women's Cancer Care Raleigh in North Carolina. METHODS & VARIABLES: An exploratory, cross-sectional design was used. Data were obtained on patients and caregivers. Patient cognitive complaints were represented by cognitive impairment (CI) and cognitive ability (CA). RESULTS: Two significant associations were found. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Healthcare providers should consider caregivers when assessing and managing patients' cognitive symptoms. This study suggests the value of including caregivers when establishing interventions for patients who have cognitive complaints.

Communication Challenges in Korean Families Coping With Adolescent Cancer.

PURPOSE: To examine the family communication experience of Korean adolescents with cancer and their parents, including how adolescents and their parents verbally share feelings and concerns related to the adolescent's cancer diagnosis with one another, and how emotional communication affects parent-adolescent relationships and the family's coping abilities. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING: 20 participants (10 adolescents with cancer, aged 13-19 years, and their parents) at a university-affiliated hospital in Seoul, South Korea. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH: Individual, semistructured interviews were conducted and analyzed based on a qualitative descriptive approach. Conventional content analysis was employed to analyze the data. FINDINGS: The overarching core theme developed from the content analysis and theme generation was "I cannot share my feelings." This core theme is represented by three main themes. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Increased need for nursing awareness and culturally relevant assessment of emotional family communication needs between Korean adolescents with cancer and their family caregivers are necessary.

Academic-Practice Partnership for Caregiver Training and Support: The Duke Elder Family/Caregiver Training (DEFT) Center.

BACKGROUND After a hospital stay, many older adults rely on their caregivers for assistance at home. Empirical evidence demonstrates that caregiver support programs in hospital-to-home transitions are associated with favorable caregiver and patient outcomes. We tested the feasibility of implementing the Duke Elder Family/Caregiver Training (DEFT) program in an academic medical center.METHODS: We recruited adult caregivers of homebound patients who were aged 55 years or older from Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina. Caregivers attended a face-to-face caregiver training and received two telephone checks after hospital discharge with DEFT services ending at 14 days of hospital discharge. We used a one-item survey to measure overall DEFT satisfaction. We also monitored 30-day readmissions of patients whose caregivers completed the DEFT program.RESULTS: The DEFT Center received 104 consult orders in six months. Of these, 61 agreed to participate but nine caregivers were unable to schedule the DEFT training and three decided to eventually withdraw from participation. Forty-nine caregivers received the DEFT training, 12 of whom were ineligible to continue because of change in patients' disposition plan. Of the remaining 37 caregivers, 15 completed the full program and reported high satisfaction; one patient was readmitted within 30 days of discharge.LIMITATIONS: The DEFT implementation was based on academic-medical partnership and relied on electronic medical records for consult and documentation. Replicability and generalizability of findings are limited to settings with similar capabilities and resources.CONCLUSION: The implementation of a caregiver training and support program in an academic medical center was feasible and was associated with favorable preliminary outcomes.

Understanding the Associations between Caregiver Characteristics and Cognitive Function of Adults with Cancer: A Scoping Review.

Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of symptoms that adults with cancer frequently report. Although there are known factors that contribute to a patient's CI, these factors did not sufficiently explain its variability. Several studies conducted in patients with neurocognitive disorders have reported relationships between patients' cognitive function and caregiver characteristics, which are poorly understood in the context of cancer. This scoping review aims to map the literature on caregiver characteristics associated with CI in adults with cancer. We used the framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley and PRISMA-Sc. Studies published in English by 2019 were searched through seven electronic databases. All retrieved citations were independently screened and eligibility for inclusion was determined by two independent authors. Ten studies met inclusion for this review with all of them showing significant associations between a patient's cognitive function and caregiver characteristics. Caregiver's mental health was the most commonly associated with a patient's cognitive function followed by family functioning, adaptation to illness, attitude toward disclosure of the illness, burden, coping and resilience, and demographic characteristics. These review findings suggest that enhanced information about CI in relation to caregiver characteristics will eventually provide the foundation for multifocal interventions for patients with impaired cognitive function. This scoping review identified caregiver characteristics that are associated with patients CI. These characteristics should be also assessed when health providers assess and treat CI of adults with cancer.

Email Use Reconsidered in Health Professions Education: Viewpoint.

Email has become a popular means of communication in the past 40 years, with more than 200 billion emails sent each day worldwide. When used appropriately, email can be an effective and useful form of correspondence, although improper practices, such as email incivility, can present challenges. Email is ubiquitous in education and health care, where it is used for student-to-teacher, provider-to-provider, and patient-to-provider communications, but not all students, faculty members, and health professionals are skilled in its use. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities posed by email communication in health professions education and reveals important deficiencies in training, as well as steps that can be taken by health professions educators to address them. Recommendations are offered to help health professions educators develop approaches for teaching email professionalism.

Caregiver Burden as a Mediator Between Emotional Distress and Concentration Problems in Patients With Cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the longitudinal mediation effect of caregiver burden on the relationship between emotional distress and concentration among individuals with cancer. SAMPLE & SETTING: 96 patients with cancer and their caregivers (96 dyads) were selected from a study conducted at Duke University. METHODS & VARIABLES: A secondary analysis from a longitudinal study was used. Caregiver burden, as well as patients' emotional distress and concentration problems, were selected as variables and analyzed. RESULTS: Caregiver burden acts as a mediator between emotional distress and concentration problems among patients with cancer. More severe caregiver burden is associated with more severe concentration problems for the patient. Dyads with higher patient emotional distress at one week (T1) also had higher caregiver burden at T1, which increased the concentration problems of patients at T1. When caregiver burden became more severe over time, patient concentration problems also increased. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Healthcare providers should assess caregiver burden and identify factors that contribute to increased caregiver burden. Providing support for managing caregiver burden and patients' emotional distress will help improve patients' concentration capacity.

Understanding on the association between informal caregiver characteristics and cognitive function of adults with cancer: a scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Adults with cancer frequently report symptoms such as decline in cognitive function throughout the trajectory of illness. Patients with cognitive deficits need support and assistance from their informal caregivers and often rely on them to manage their symptoms based on their degree of deficits. Patients spend a significant amount of time with their informal caregivers and become interdependent with each other. In spite of their interdependence, it is unclear whether patients' cognitive outcomes (ie, cognitive function) are associated with their informal caregivers. Therefore, the body of literature related to the association between caregiver characteristics and cognitive function of adults with cancer needs to be fully mapped with assessment for knowledge gaps. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Methods for this scoping review was informed by the framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. Seven electronic databases will be searched: (1) PubMed (MEDLINE), (2) CINAHL, (3) Embase, (4) PsycINFO, (5) Scopus, (6) Sociological Abstracts and (7) ProQuest dissertation abstracts. In addition, the search for grey literature will include the conference abstracts available through Embase, Scopus and Sociological abstracts as well as dissertations available in ProQuest dissertations. All retrieved citations will be independently screened by two authors and eligibility will be determined based on inclusion and exclusion criteria at title and abstract level. Studies meeting inclusion criteria, will be screened at full text level by two reviewers followed by abstraction of included studies. Eligible studies will be collated, summarised and reported using the data charting form that research team developed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This scoping review does not require ethics approval. Results of this scoping review will be disseminated via conference presentation and/or publication in a scientific journal.

Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment in Breast Cancer Patients: Influences of Psychological Variables.

Approximately 3.1 million women in the US are living with breast cancer and up to 75% of these women experience cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). CRCI is described as impairments in memory, verbal fluency, thought processes, and attention span. Despite the high prevalence of breast cancer, only a few studies have been published on CRCI and most of these studies primarily focused on its pathophysiological mechanism. However, recent evidence has demonstrated that breast cancer patients with CRCI are more likely to have high level of psychologic distress, suggesting a possible relationship between CRCI and psychologic distress. This review aims to examine existing literature that describes CRCI in relation to psychological distress among breast cancer patients. One thousand four hundred and ninety-eight articles were searched using PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria, and one article was additionally pulled from article reference lists. Of these19 studies, psychologic distress has been operationalized in varied ways such as anxiety (n = 3), depression (n = 2), both anxiety and depression (n = 4), stress (n = 4), worry (n = 2), mental fatigue (n = 1), and undefined psychological distress (n = 2). Except for six studies designed as a longitudinal study, the rest of studies used a cross-sectional design. Twelve studies used both subjective and objective measures to assess cognitive function. We found that the patients with high psychological distress displayed lower performance on cognitive function tests. Our finding indicates that psychological variables contributed to CRCI that breast cancer patients experienced. Areas for further investigation are proposed that will advance the care of breast cancer patients with CRCI.

Fabrication of an ultrafine fish gelatin nanofibrous web from an aqueous solution by electrospinning.

Electrospinning of aqueous gelatin solution obtained from bovine or porcine sources has been difficult to achieve without additional facilities, such as a temperature control oven or heating cover. Gelatin from cold-water fish has low contents of proline (Pro) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) compared with mammalian-derived gelatin. For this reason, the fish-derived gelatin maintains a sol state without showing gelation behavior at room temperature. In the present study, we prepared an ultrafine fish gelatin nanofibrous web by electrospinning from aqueous solutions without any additive polymers or temperature control facilities. The concentration and viscosity of fish gelatin are the most important factor in determining the electrospinnability and fiber diameter. Electrospinning of aqueous fish gelatin has the highest nanofiber productivity compared to other organic solvent systems. Using glutaraldehyde vapor (GTA), the water stability was improved and substantial enhancement was achieved in the mechanical properties. Finally, the cytotoxicity of a fish gelatin nanofibrous scaffold was evaluated based on a cell proliferation study by culturing human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) compared with a fish gelatin film and nanofibrous mat from mammalian gelatin. The result shows better initial cell attachment and proliferation compared with the fish gelatin film and no significant difference compared with mammalian-derived gelatin nanofibrous mat. We expect that electrospinning of aqueous fish gelatin could be an effective alternative mammalian gelatin source.